I propose a theory of the passive that combines aspects of the principles and parameters analysis (no specific rules, no downward movement) and Chomsky’s (1957) Syntactic Structures analysis (the arguments in the passive are generated in the same positions as they are in the active).
A Smuggling Approach to the Passive in English
Collins, Chris. 2005. A Smuggling Approach to the Passive in English. Syntax 8.2.
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